动态路由动态路由基于某种路由协议实现动态路由特点减少了管理任务占用了网络带宽动态路由协议概述路由器之间用来交换信息的语言度量值条数 （越少越好）带宽 （越大越好）负载 延时
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动态路由
动态路由
- 基于某种路由协议实现
动态路由特点
减少了管理任务
- 占用了网络带宽
动态路由协议概述
- 路由器之间用来交换信息的语言
度量值
- 条数 （越少越好）
- 带宽 （越大越好）
- 负载
- 延时 （广播多的情况下，路线选择比较长时....)
- 可靠性
- 成本 (路径成本，带宽、链路成本)
收敛
- 使所有路由表都达到一致状态的过程
静态路由与动态路由的比较
- 网络中静态路由和动态路由互相补充
按照路由执行的算法分类
距离矢量路由协议
依据从源网络到目标网络所经过的路由器的个数选择路由
- RIP、IGRP
链路状态路由协议
综合考虑从源网络到目标网络的各条路径的情况选择路由
- OSPF、IS-IS
RIP路由
RIP路由协议工作原理
RIP是距离-矢量路由选择协议
RIP的基本概念
定期更新
邻居
广播更新
- 全路由表更新
路由表的形成
- 路由学习到直连路由
- 更新周期30s到时，路由器会向邻居发送路由表
- 再过30s，第二个更新周期到了再次发送路由表
RIP度量值为条数
- 最大条数为15跳，16跳为不可达
RIP更新时间
- 每隔30s发送路由更新消息，UDP520端口
RIP路由更新消息
- 发送整个路由表信息
路由环路
- 在维护路由表信息的时候，如果在拓扑发生改变后，网络收敛缓慢产生了不协调或者矛盾的路由选择条目，就会发生路由环路的问题，这种条件下，路由器对无法到达的网络路由不予理睬，导致用户的数据包不停在网络上循环发送，最终造成网络资源的严重浪费。
执行水平分割可以阻止路由环路的发生
- 从一个接口学习到路由信息，不再从这个接口发出去
- 同时也能减少路由更新信息占用的链路带宽资源
RIP的配置
启动RIP进程
router rip
宣告主网络号
network network-number
查看路由协议的配置
show ip portocols
RIP v1和RIP v2的区别
| 版本 | RIP v1 | RIP v2 |
|---|---|---|
| 区别 | 有类路由协议 | 无类路由协议 |
| 广播更新（255.255.255.255） | 组播更新（224.0.0.9） | |
| 不支持VLSM | 支持VLSM | |
| 自动路由汇总，不可关闭 | 自动汇总可关闭，可手工汇总 | |
| 不支持不连续子网 | 支持不连续子网 |
RIP v2的配置
启用版本v2
router ripversion 2关闭RIP v2路由自动汇总
no auto-summary
Demo
实验化境：
安装GNS 3软件，并在软件中安装路由镜
GNS 3下载 使用方法 c3725路由镜像文件
构建拓扑实验
1、在GNS 3中构建网络拓扑图，使用三个路由设备，在路由设备中设置RIP动态路由，是PC1与PC2互联。（注意接口网段是划分）
2、开启全部设备，并先在R2路由设备，并添加接口网段信息
R2#conf t //进入全局模式Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.R2(config)#int f0/0 //进入f0/0接口R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0 //添加网段R2(config-if)#no shut //开启接口R2(config-if)#*Mar 1 00:03:21.759: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up*Mar 1 00:03:22.759: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upR2(config-if)#exit //退出接口R2(config)#int f0/1 //进入f0/1接口R2(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.252 //添加网段R2(config-if)#no shut //开启接口R2(config-if)#*Mar 1 00:04:13.043: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up*Mar 1 00:04:14.043: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to upR2(config)#do show ip rout //查看路由表，查看网段是否成功添加Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static routeGateway of last resort is not setC 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 //成功添加网段 192.168.20.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnetsC 192.168.20.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/13、进入R1路由设备，并添加接口网段信息
R1#conf t //进入全局模式Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.R1(config)#int f0/0 //进入f0/0接口R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.20.2 255.255.255.252 //添加网段R1(config-if)#no shut //开启接口R1(config-if)#*Mar 1 00:11:18.063: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up*Mar 1 00:11:19.063: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upR1(config-if)#exit //退出接口R1(config)#int f0/1 //进入f0/1接口R1(config-if)#ip add 192.168.30.1 255.255.255.252 //添加网段R1(config-if)#no shut //开启接口R1(config-if)#*Mar 1 00:12:22.463: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up*Mar 1 00:12:23.463: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to upR1(config-if)#exitR1(config)#do show ip rout //查看路由表，查看网段是否成功添加Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static routeGateway of last resort is not set 192.168.30.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnetsC 192.168.30.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1 //成功添加网段 192.168.20.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnetsC 192.168.20.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/04、进入R3路由设备，并添加接口网段信息
R3#conf t //进入全局模式Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.R3(config)#int f0/0 //进入f0/0接口R3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.30.2 255.255.255.252 //添加网段R3(config-if)#no shut //开启接口R3(config-if)#*Mar 1 00:15:54.763: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up*Mar 1 00:15:55.763: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to upR3(config-if)#exit //退出接口R3(config)#int f0/1 //进入f0/1接口R3(config-if)#ip add 192.168.40.1 255.255.255.0 //添加网段R3(config-if)#no shut //开启接口R3(config-if)#*Mar 1 00:16:36.811: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up*Mar 1 00:16:37.811: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to upR3(config-if)#exitR3(config)#do show ip rout //查看路由表，查看网段是否成功添加Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static routeGateway of last resort is not set 192.168.30.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnetsC 192.168.30.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 //成功添加网段C 192.168.40.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/15、在两台PC机上分别配置IP地址
PC1> ip 192.168.10.2 192.168.10.1 //添加IP地址及网关Checking for duplicate address...PC1 : 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.10.1 //成功配置IP地址PC2> ip 192.168.40.2 192.168.40.1 //添加IP地址及网关Checking for duplicate address...PC1 : 192.168.40.2 255.255.255.0 gateway 192.168.40.1 //成功配置IP地址6、回到R2路由设备中，添加RIP路由协议
R2(config)#router rip //进入路由进程R2(config-router)#network 192.168.10.0 //宣告直连网段R2(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0 //宣告直连网段R2(config-router)#version 2 //启用版本 2R2(config-router)#no auto-summary //关闭路由自动汇总功能R2(config-router)#exit //完成后退出路由进程7、在R1路由设备中，添加RIP路由协议
R1(config)#router rip //进入路由进程R1(config-router)#network 192.168.20.0 //宣告直连网段R1(config-router)#network 192.168.30.0 //宣告直连网段R1(config-router)#version 2 //启用版本 2R1(config-router)#no auto-summary //关闭路由自动汇总功能R1(config-router)#exit //完成后退出路由进程8、在R3路由设备中，添加RIP路由协议
R3(config)#router rip //进入路由进程R3(config-router)#network 192.168.30.0 //宣告直连网段R3(config-router)#network 192.168.40.0 //宣告直连网段R3(config-router)#version 2 //启用版本 2R3(config-router)#no auto-summary //关闭路由自动汇总功能R3(config-router)#exit //完成后退出路由进程9、分别查看路由设备中的路由表，是否成功自动学习网段信息
R2(config)#do show ip rout //查看R2路由设备路由表Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static routeGateway of last resort is not set 192.168.30.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnetsR 192.168.30.0 [120/1] via 192.168.20.2, 00:00:14, FastEthernet0/1 //成功学习网段C 192.168.10.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0R 192.168.40.0/24 [120/2] via 192.168.20.2, 00:00:14, FastEthernet0/1 //成功学习网段 192.168.20.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnetsC 192.168.20.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1R1(config)#do show ip rout //查看R1路由设备路由表Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static routeGateway of last resort is not set 192.168.30.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnetsC 192.168.30.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1R 192.168.10.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.20.1, 00:00:05, FastEthernet0/0 //成功学习网段R 192.168.40.0/24 [120/1] via 192.168.30.2, 00:00:05, FastEthernet0/1 //成功学习网段 192.168.20.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnetsC 192.168.20.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0R3(config)#do show ip rout //查看R3路由设备路由表Codes: C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2 ia - IS-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static route o - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static routeGateway of last resort is not set 192.168.30.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnetsC 192.168.30.0 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 R 192.168.10.0/24 [120/2] via 192.168.30.1, 00:00:15, FastEthernet0/0 //成功学习网段C 192.168.40.0/24 is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1 192.168.20.0/30 is subnetted, 1 subnetsR 192.168.20.0 [120/1] via 192.168.30.1, 00:00:15, FastEthernet0/0 //成功学习网段10、在PC机中使用ping命令查看两台PC机是否相互通信
PC1> ping 192.168.40.2 //使用ping命令查看是否与PC2通信192.168.40.2 icmp_seq=1 timeout192.168.40.2 icmp_seq=2 timeout192.168.40.2 icmp_seq=3 timeout84 bytes from 192.168.40.2 icmp_seq=4 ttl=61 time=52.159 ms //成功通信84 bytes from 192.168.40.2 icmp_seq=5 ttl=61 time=52.522 ms